The Philippines underwent 3 colonial ruler changes from 1898 to July 4, 1946. A major shift and shock for the nation as a whole. However, the Igorots of the Cordilleras had little influence from Spanish colonial rule, and did not experience entirely the same traumas other Filipinos faced. The Igorots were able to fend off Spaniard invasion, maintaining their own governing and trade systems independently, and had more of a working relationship with the new colonial power United States once the Philippine Commission and other Christian missionaries entered the Cordilleran territories and brought infrastructure development of new roads, schools, churches, parks, and other buildings. Dean Worcester It also led to the creation of Mountain Province, the name to describe Igorot territory, as well as outlining boundaries of sub-provinces by tribal similarities; namely Benguet, Ifugao, Bontoc, Apayao, and Kalinga. It was done for census reasons, so the US can install leadership over areas who would work with tribal leaders (this was harder to achieve in some areas than others). The resources listed below are to give insight to the experiences of the Cordilleras in that time frame that show how political motivations of the United States was mostly a beneficial outcome for Igorots; however other sources would reveal that not every partnership would respect the dignity of their new colonial subjects, especially when Igorots would be in the United States.